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The importance of agriculture in preserving biodiversity 27 great bustard ( Otis tarda ), little bustard ( Tetrax tetrax ) and lesser kestrel ( Falco nau- manni ). 4. Conclusions The conservation and main- tenance of HNVf is depend- ent on the continuity of active management ensured by specific farming prac- tices, many of which are traditional. However, these farming systems are currently under threat due to socio-ecological factors such as market changes/ fluctuations, territorial competitiveness and farming abandonment, among others (Lomba et al . 2014). It is therefore urgent to realise how nature value, par- ticularly the biodiversity associated with them, can be promoted in the context of their future socioec- onomic sustainability, so that both the natural and human capital of the rural communities associated with them are incorporated into Portugal’s territorial compet- itiveness and legacy. Acknowledgements Angela Lomba is supported by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciên- cia e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the context of the Transitory Norm – DL57/2016/ CP1440/CT0001. Francisco Moreira is funded by the REN Biodiveristy Chair and contract IF/01053/2015. This article was written under the FARSYD pro- ject (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016664) funded by the Regional Operational Programme – North (POR Norte 2020) via the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) and national funds via the FCT (PTDC/ AAG-REC/5007/2014). The conservation and maintenance of HNVf is dependent on the continuity of active management ensured by specific farming practices, many of which are traditional. However, these farming systems are currently under threat due to socio-ecological factors such as market changes/fluctuations, territorial competitiveness and farming abandonment… Bibliography Beaufoy, G., Baldock, D. & Clarke, J. 1994. “The Nature of Farming: Low Intensity Farming Systems in Nine Euro- pean Countries”, London, IEEP Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D., & Potts, S. G. (2013). “Ecological Intensification: Harnessing Ecosystem Services for Food Security”. Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 28 (4), 230–238. Available at http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.012 Donald, P. F., Green, R. E., & Heath, M. F. (2001). “Agricultural intensification and the collapse of Europe’s farmland bird populations”. Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society , 268 (1462), 25–9. Available at http://doi. org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1325 GPP (2010). Available at http://www.gpp.pt/index.php/ estatisticas-e-analises/desenvolvimento-de-indica- dores-agroambientais#E5 [accessed on 17/05/2017] Halada, L., Evans, D., Romão, C., & Petersen, J.-E. (2011). “Which habitats of European importance depend on agricultural practices?” Biodiversity and Conservation . Available at http://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-9989-z Henle, K., Alard, D., Clitherow, J., Cobb, P., Firbank, L., Kull, T., et al. (2008). “Identifying and Managing the Con- flicts between Agriculture and Biodiversity Conserva- tion in Europe – a Review”. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 124 (1–2), 60–71. Available at http://doi. org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.09.005 Lomba, A., Guerra, C., Alonso, J., Honrado, J. P., Jongman, R. & McCracken, D. (2014). “Mapping and monitoring High Nature Value farmlands: Challenges in European landscapes”. Journal of Environmental Management , 143, 140–150. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2014.04.029 Lomba, A., Strohbach, M., Jerrentrup, J.S., Dauber, J., Klimek, S., McCracken, D.I. (2017). “Making the best of both worlds: Can high-resolution agricultural administrative data support the assessment of High Nature Value farm- lands across Europe?” Ecological Indicators , vol 72, pp. 118–130. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol- ind.2016.08.008 Moreira, F., Pinto, M. J., Henriques, I., & Marques, T. (2005). “The importance of low-intensity farming for fauna, flora and habitats protected under the European Birds and Habitats Directives: is agriculture essential for preserving biodiversity in the Mediterranean region?” Trends in Bio- diversiy Research (pp. 117–145). Nova Science Publishers Moreira, F., & Russo, D. (2007). “Modelling the impact of agricultural abandonment and wildfires on vertebrate diversity in Mediterranean Europe”. Landscape Ecology , 22 (10), 1461–1476. Available at http://doi.org/10.1007/ s10980-007-9125-3