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8 ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTIVE STUDIES CULTIVAR Issue 22 APRIL 2021 not possible by expanding the amount of land under cultivation. The solution involves raising production per hectare without raising inputs. This paradigm shift requires public policies: basic environmental regulation; product differentiation according to eco-footprint; direct financial incentives for the envi- ronmental goods produced by agriculture; and a sci- ence- and technology-based R&D policy to intensify the ecological base. Cultivar issue 8 – Biodiversity. June 2017, p. 39 2 Biodiversity is a dynamic resource, thus requiring flexible public policies. Alongside the need for tech- nical and scientifically consolidated knowledge, and independent monitoring, the involvement of the var- ious stakeholders is essential. Significant experience already exists of the relationships between laws regulating or supporting biodiversity protection and farming. What can be taken from this experience is the important awareness that a tension (between regulator and user) exists simultaneously with opportunities for a significant part of Portuguese agriculture, which is characterised by diversified and extensive systems with a proven positive association with biodiversity. Francisco Moreira and Ângela Lomba, from the Uni- versities of Porto and Lisbon respectively, address the topic of agriculture’s role in preserving the diver- sity of species, ecosystems and landscapes. They stress the importance of agriculture as a means of managing high nature value ecosystems to conserve threatened species while underlining the harmful effect both of excessive intensification and the aban- donment of farming. 2 https://www.gpp.pt/images/GPP/O_que_disponibilizamos/Publicacoes/CULTIVAR_8/E-book/CULTIVAR_8_Biodiversidade/40/ 3 https://www.gpp.pt/images/GPP/O_que_disponibilizamos/Publicacoes/CULTIVAR_10/E_book/CULTIVAR_10_Trabalho_na_agricultura_e_ as_novas_tendencias_laborais/16/ 4 Wendel Berry, quoted in Dan Barber’s book The Third Plate , whose review is presented in section III of this issue (no. 9) of Cultivar . https://www.gpp.pt/images/GPP/O_que_disponibilizamos/Publicacoes/CULTIVAR_10/E_book/CULTIVAR_10_Trabalho_na_agricultura_e_ as_novas_tendencias_laborais/16/ 5 https://www.gpp.pt/images/GPP/O_que_disponibilizamos/Publicacoes/CULTIVAR_10/E_book/CULTIVAR_10_Trabalho_na_agricultura_e_ as_novas_tendencias_laborais/16/ Cultivar issue 9 – Gastronomy. September 2017, p. 23 3 “ Eating is an agricultural act. ” 4 Our motive for this issue was the conviction, on the one hand, that gas- tronomy would not exist without farm produce and a strong connection with the land, as flavour begins in the soil (or sea); and, on the other, that farmers must see gastronomy as a factor in valorising farm pro- duce and promoting local and regional specificities. Alexandra Prado Coelho, a journalist for the Público newspaper, warns about the lack of emphasis given to producers in the growing success and profile of Portuguese gastronomy. After stressing that it is a mistake to separate producers and restaurants, the journalist questions the strategy used to promote Portuguese food internationally. She concludes that the various disconnected initiatives prevent the pos- sibility of achieving an overall view and that a more coordinated and united effort is required. She also points to the importance of increasing awareness of these themes, particularly the need to reinforce the link between the food served in schools and local produce and producers. Cultivar issue 10 – Work in agriculture and new labour trends. December 2017, p. 15 5 Work in agriculture historically differs from work in other sectors due to the importance of part-time, casual, and multi-income labour. This is explained above all by the seasonal and irregular nature of many farm jobs and the small size of most farms in Portugal. The growing outsourcing of farm labour is another issue that deserves close analysis. In this article, José Maria Castro Caldas from the University of Coimbra notes that the current tech-